febrile seizure

Convulsions of the nervous system that occur most often in children between ages 6 months and 3 years. Febrile seizures are characterized by involuntary muscle contractions and fever.

fascia

Tissue that covers, connects and supports the muscles and other structures beneath the skin.

family physician

A family physician is a physician who can provide comprehensive medical care to all members of a family. A family physician provides primary care and often serves as the first point of contact.

Subspecialty fields include geriatric and sports medicine. A family physician with a certificate of added qualification in geriatrics specializes in comprehensive care of the elderly and has additional expertise in the health problems of the elderly, as well as related psychological, financial and social issues. A family physician can also earn a certificate of added qualification in sports medicine. A sports medicine specialist develops special expertise in the health needs of recreational and competitive athletes. Sports medicine specialists can also help athletes prevent injuries.

false labor

Sporadic or infrequent contractions of a pregnant woman's uterus (the female reproductive organ that houses the embryo and fetus during pregnancy) late in pregnancy. The contractions are called false labor because they do not open the cervix. The contractions of false labor often go away with walking or a change in position and do not increase in intensity or severity. They're also called Braxton Hicks contractions.

fallopian tubes

Two tubes located on each side of the uterus, which connect the top part of the uterus to the ovaries. Long, finger-like projections at the end of the tube, close to the ovary, sweep the egg down the tube and into the uterus. Fertilization of the egg usually occurs in the fallopian tube.

extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

A noninvasive procedure using shock waves to break kidney stones and gallstones into sand-like particles. The pulverized kidney stones are easily passed through urination, and the gallstones pass through the biliary tract into the small intestines.

exchange transfusion

A procedure designed to correct the effects of serious jaundice, infection or toxicity in newborns. During the procedure, many small quantities of the baby's blood are removed and replaced with equal volumes of adult donor blood.

evoked potential test

A painless test used to measure the brain's response to various kinds of stimulation, such as to vision, hearing or touch. A small, metal disk is placed on the scalp with a paste-like substance, and the brain's responses are plotted on a sheet of paper, which are then reviewed by a neurologist.

euthanasia

The term euthanasia may refer to any of the following scenarios:

Passive euthanasia: A third party withdraws or withholds life-sustaining medical care, allowing a patient to die more quickly (also referred to as forgoing life-sustaining treatment).

Assisted suicide: A patient ends his or her own life with medication provided by a third party.

Active euthanasia: A third party takes deliberate action on a patient, often by administering a lethal dose of medication to cause the patient's death.

From a patient's point of view, euthanasia can take two forms:

Voluntary euthanasia: A patient ends his or her life with the assistance of a third party.

Nonvoluntary euthanasia: A patient is unable to communicate his or her wishes, so family members or someone close to the patient decides the patient's life should end through euthanasia. This should not be confused with involuntary euthanasia, where a patient's life is terminated even though he or she clearly expresses a desire to live. Even when intended to end a loved one's pain and suffering, involuntary euthanasia is legally defined as murder.

Those who support euthanasia contend that each person should have the right to choose to end his or her own physical suffering. Those who are against euthanasia often think it is immoral and unethical to take a life under any circumstances. The American Medical Association stands in favor of passive euthanasia but doesn't support active euthanasia as acceptable medical practice. The Hippocratic oath, taken by doctors, includes the vow to "not prescribe a deadly drug to please someone, nor give advice that may cause his death." Many believe this prevents doctors from taking an active role in hastening the death of any patient.

Currently, Oregon is the only state in the United States that allows doctor-assisted suicide, through a law passed in 1997. The Netherlands is the only country in the world where voluntary euthanasia is openly practiced and allowable by law in certain situations.

In the United States, having an advance medical directive is the most reliable way to ensure that your own wishes regarding medical treatment for a terminal illness or condition will be carried out. A living will is one kind of advance directive. It is a legal document that instructs your doctor to withhold or withdraw any life-sustaining treatment meant to delay your death. Another form of advance directive is durable power of attorney for health care, in which you name a third party who is responsible for making medical decisions for you should you become unable to make them for yourself.

eustachian tubes

The pair of tubes connecting the middle ears to the back of the nose and throat. The eustachian tubes equalized air pressure on either side of the eardrum.

estrogen

A female sex hormone produced primarily by the ovaries and responsible for the development of typical female characteristics. During a woman's menstrual cycle, estrogen is responsible for producing an environment suitable for the fertilization, implantation and nutrition of a fertilized egg.

esophagus

The tube that connects the throat and stomach.

esophagitis

Inflammation of the esophagus (the tube connecting the throat and stomach).

erythroderma

Widespread abnormal redness of the skin caused by dilation of blood vessels.

erythrocytosis

An abnormally high number of red blood cells.

erysipelas

A contagious streptococcal infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue that causes fever and painful deep-red sores. Also known as Saint Anthony's fire.

Epstein-Barr virus

A member of the herpes virus family that causes mononucleosis (a contagious viral infection).

epithelium

The layer of tissue covering internal and external surfaces of the body. The epithelium is made up of tightly packed small cells.

episiotomy

An incision of the perineum, the area between the vagina and anus, to enlarge the vagina to ease delivery and prevent tearing during childbirth.

epinephrine

1. A hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that is released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress, such as fear or injury. It initiates many bodily responses, including an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. Also called adrenaline. 2. A cardiac drug used to treat cardiac arrest and life-threatening allergic reactions.

epilepsy

A brain disorder marked by varying degrees of neurological symptoms, including convulsive seizures (a loss of consciousness accompanied by twitching or thrashing) or lost or altered consciousness. Epilepsy is also referred to as a seizure disorder.

epiglottitis

Inflammation of the epiglottis (the flap of tissue that covers the larynx, (voice box) and trachea (windpipe) to protect the airway when you swallow). If left untreated, this inflammation can block the airway and cause respiratory failure.

epiglottis

The lid-like flap of tissue at the base of the tongue that prevents food and liquid from entering the trachea (windpipe) when swallowing.

epidural space

The space that surrounds the dura, the membrane that covers the spinal cord and nerves in the spine. Nerves travel through the epidural space to the back and into the legs.

epididymis

The long, winding, tightly coiled tube that lies on the back side of each testicle and carries sperm from the testes to the vas deferens (the tubes that carry the sperm to the ejaculatory duct). The epididymis is where sperm collect and fully develop prior to traveling to the vas deferens.

epidermis

The outermost layer of skin covering the body.

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

A blood test used to detect antigens (foreign substances in the body that cause antibodies to form) and antibodies (naturally occurring compounds that help neutralize or destroy foreign substances in the blood). ELISA is used as a test for many infectious diseases, including HIV.

enzyme

A protein in the body that helps facilitate or accelerate chemical reactions.

engorge

To fill with fluid, especially blood.

enema

The injection of a liquid into the rectum and colon through the anus to help stimulate a bowel movement, or for cleansing or diagnostic testing.

endotracheal tube

A flexible tube inserted through the mouth or nose and passed down into the trachea (windpipe) to assist breathing. The endotracheal tube keeps a patient's airway open and permits air to pass to and from the lungs. An endotracheal tube can be connected to a ventilator to provide artificial respiration.

endoscopy

Examination of a body organ or cavity with an endoscope (a thin, flexible tube equipped with a camera lens and light).

endoscope

A thin, flexible tube equipped with a camera lens and light used to examine the inside of an organ or cavity in the body.

endorphin

A chemical substance naturally produced in the body that activates opiate receptor hormones and acts as a natural pain reliever.

endometrium

The tissue that lines the uterus and is shed during a woman's menstrual period. After each period, the endometrium grows back and slowly thickens until the next period when it is shed again.

endometriosis

A chronic medical condition in which endometrial tissue, the tissue that lines the uterus, is found in locations outside the uterus. The misplaced tissue is often found on the ovaries, uterus, intestines, and the lining of the pelvis and abdominal cavity.

The most common symptoms of endometriosis are pain before and during periods that is much worse than normal menstrual cramps, pain with intercourse, and heavy or irregular vaginal bleeding. If the intestines or bladder are involved, symptoms may include constipation, diarrhea, pain with urination or blood in the urine.

endometrial hyperplasia

A condition in which the endometrium (the lining of the uterus) grows too thick. Endometrial hyperplasia causes abnormal bleeding between menstrual periods and heavy or prolonged menstrual periods.

endocrinologist

An endocrinologist is a physician who treats conditions of the endocrine glands (those that produce hormones), including the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands, as well as the pancreas, ovaries and testes. These glands are responsible for growth, metabolism, sexual maturity, reproduction and resistance to stress and disease.

endocrine glands

Glands that produce hormones. The endocrine glands are the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, gonads (ovaries and testicles), adrenal glands and the islets of Langerhands (in the pancreas).

endocarditis

Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart called the endocardium. Endocarditis is usually caused by a bacterial infection and occurs when bacteria in the blood stream begin to grow on the endocardium. Symptoms of endocarditis include fever, fatigue, muscle aches and chills. Endocarditis can damage the valves of the heart, resulting in heart failure.

encephalopathy

Generalized dysfunction of the brain characterized by memory loss, impaired ability to speak and mood changes.

encephalitis

Inflammation of the brain. Encephalitis may be a primary illness or the secondary result of another disease. Symptoms of encephalitis include headache, muscle stiffness, listlessness, changes in consciousness, sore throat and upper respiratory tract problems.

emphysema

A disease in which the alveoli or air sacs of the lungs become overinflated because of a breakdown of the walls of the alveoli, which impairs the lung's ability to work properly. Early symptoms of emphysema include shortness of breath and cough.

embryo

A human egg from the time of fertilization through the second month of pregnancy.

embolism

The sudden blocking of an artery by a blood clot or foreign substance known as an emboli. Emboli usually lodge at divisions of the artery where the artery is narrow. Symptoms of embolism include sudden severe pain at the site of the embolism, fainting, nausea and vomiting. An embolism in the lung can cause shortness of breath.

electromyography (EMG)

A test that measures and records a muscle's response to nerve stimulation. During the test, an electrode is inserted into the muscle or placed on the skin and connected to a computer that records the muscle's activity. Electromyography is used to help diagnose problems with muscles and the nerves that supply them.

electrolytes

Substances that can transmit electrical impulses when dissolved in body fluids, including sodium, potassium and chlorine.

electrocardiogram (EKG)

A diagnostic test used to record the electrical activity of the heart. EKGs are used to help doctors determine if a heart attack has occurred, what part of the heart was damaged, if there are any irregular heart beats or rhythm, or if there is a decrease of blood or oxygen to the heart. During an EKG, small electrodes are placed on the skin of the chest, arms and legs. The electrodes are then connected to a machine that records the hearts electrical activity onto graph paper. The test takes about 10 minutes and is not painful.

edema

Abnormal, excessive accumulation of fluid beneath the skin that causes swelling and a puffy appearance. Edema is most common in the feet or ankles, but can occur anywhere in the body. Causes include pregnancy, congestive heart failure, poor circulation and injury.

eczema

A chronic allergic skin condition. Symptoms of eczema include itching; thick, scaly skin patches; and small blisters with oozing of fluid. Eczema usually appears on the neck, hands, scalp, face, elbows and knees. The cause of eczema is unknown, and the condition often occurs for no known reason. Eczema usually develops in the first few months of life and subsides by the age of three, but flare-ups can occur at any age.

ectopic pregnancy

A pregnancy in which the fertilized egg implants itself outside the uterus; also called a tubal pregnancy. To preserve the mother's health, an ectopic pregnancy must be terminated.

echocardiogram

A nonpenetrating diagnostic test that uses sound waves to look at the heart and surrounding tissues.

eardrum

A thin oval-shaped membrane that stretches across the ear canal and separates the middle ear from the external ear. The eardrum vibrates with audible sound waves that travel to the inner ear. The eardrum is also known as the tympanic membrane.

E. coli

A type of bacterium that produces a toxin that can cause a gastrointestinal infection; E. coli is an abbreviation for Escherichia coli.

dyspnea

Shortness of breath or difficult or labored breathing, often a result of lung or heart disease.

dysmenorrhea

Pain associated with menstruation, often described as "cramps." Primary dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain not caused by a known condition. Secondary dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain related to an underlying condition such as pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis or fertility problems, or the use of an intrauterine device (IUD).

dyslexia

A learning disability that changes the way the brain processes visual images into meaningful language. This deficit may result in difficulty reading, writing, spelling, or even understanding spoken language.

durable power of attorney for health care

A legal document that identifies the person you have chosen to make health-related decisions for you should you become physically or mentally unable to make decisions for yourself.

dura mater

The outermost, toughest and most fibrous of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.

duodenum

The first part of the small intestine, starting at the lower end of the stomach and ending at the jejunum, the second part of the small intestines. The duodenum is approximately 10 inches long. Pancreatic juices and bile enter the duodenum and help break down starch, protein and fats.

ductus arteriosus

A vessel that leads from the pulmonary artery to the aorta. Normally closes right after birth.

duct

A passage or tube that carries secretions or other substances. A bile duct, for example, is a small tube that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the intestines.

Down syndrome

A type of congential (present at birth) mental retardation often characterized by a somewhat flat facial structure; somewhat slanted eyes, sloped forehead; short neck; short, broad hands; and a shorter, stouter build. Down syndrome is also called trisomy 21.

dopamine

A chemical synthesized in the adrenal gland in the brain that helps transmit messages and control muscle activity. Sometimes used to treat shock.

diverticulitis

Inflammation of the divurticula (small, protruding pouches) in the digestive tract. Symptoms of diverticulitis include abdominal pain and cramping, fever and constipation.

diverticula

Small, protruding pouches that can develop in the digestive tract, usually in the colon (the part of the large intestine that extends from the small intestine to the anus). Diverticula result when an increase in pressure within the large intestine causes pockets of tissue to push out from the colon walls.

distemper

One of several viral infections affecting animals.

dislocation

Displacement of a body part, usually a temporary displacement of a bone from its normal position.

disk

Cushions made of a solid elastic gel that hold the vertebrae of the spine in place. The disks act as shock absorbers for the spine and allow the spine to be flexible.

diphtheria

A very contagious throat infection, which produces poisons that can spread to the heart, central nervous system and other organs in the body. Symptoms of diphtheria include sore throat with a thick membrane on the back of the throat, low fever and swollen neck glands. Most children receive immunizations for diphtheria.

diastolic pressure

The bottom number in a blood pressure reading; indicates the pressure in your arteries (blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body) when they're in a resting state.

diastasis recti

A condition, especially during pregnancy, in which the rectus abdominis muscles (muscles on the right and left sides of the abdomen that extend vertically from the groin to the ribs) become separated from each other at the middle.

diarrhea

Frequent passage of watery stools.

diaphragm

The muscular membrane that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. The diaphragm helps with breathing.

Also, a birth control device made of a thin, flexible rubber disk designed to cover the uterine cervix to prevent the entry of sperm during sexual intercourse. Spermicidal gel should be used with the diaphragm to decrease the risk of pregnancy.

dialysis

A process or technique designed to remove toxic materials or waste products from the bloodstream in order to restore or maintain health and proper electrolyte balance. Dialysis generally refers to kidney dialysis, which must be done artificially in cases of kidney dysfunction, disease or the absence of one or both kidneys. Dialysis may also be needed in the case of a drug overdose.

deviated septum

A crooked or misaligned wall between the nostrils. A deviated septum may narrow or obstruct the air passages, making breathing difficult.

desensitization therapy

A series of shots intended to reduce the body's response to allergens (any substance that stimulates an allergic reaction). Commonly referred to as allergy shots.

dermatologist

A dermatologist is a physician who specializes in conditions of the skin. Subspecialty fields include clinical and laboratory dermatological immunology, dermatopathology and pediatric dermatology.

dermabrasion

A surgical procedure that uses sandpaper or mechanical methods to remove acne scars, birthmarks, tattoos and fine wrinkles on frozen skin.

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A molecule the carries genetic information in the nucleus of cells. DNA determines the structure, function and behavior of the cell.

dementia

The development of multi-level mental deterioration, which may affect memory, orientation, judgment, reasoning, and the ability to communicate and make decisions.

delusion

A false belief that is firmly sustained despite what is commonly believed and obvious proof to the contrary.

dehydration

A loss of too much water and fluids from the body. Dehydration can result from decreased fluid intake or loss of fluid from symptoms such as vomiting or diarrhea. Symptoms of dehydration include decreased urination with dark yellow urine, excessive thirst and a dry mouth with sticky saliva.

defibrillator

An electric device that stops heart fibrillation (rapid, incomplete heart contractions) and restores a normal heart rhythm.

deep vein thrombosis

A blood clot deep inside a blood vessel in the arm or leg.

cytotoxic drugs

Drugs that have a toxic effect on cells. Cytotoxic drugs are most commonly used in chemotherapy to prevent the spread of cancer cells.

cytomegalovirus

A virus of the herpes family usually found in humans that can cause serious infections in patients who have weakened immune systems. Cytomegalovirus can lead to infections such as pneumonia, encephalitis and hepatitis.

cystitis

Inflammation of the bladder (the sac that collects urine before excretion). Cystitis may also affect the kidneys, prostrate or urethra.

cystic fibrosis

A hereditary genetic disease that develops early in childhood and causes glands in the body to produce a thick, sticky mucus. Cystic fibrosis mainly affects the pancreas, lungs and sweat glands resulting in chronic respiratory infections and impaired function of the pancreas and intestines.

cystectomy

The surgical removal of a cyst or the urinary bladder.

cyst

A closed pouch or capsule containing a liquid or semisolid substance. Cysts can develop anywhere in the body, but are most commonly found under the skin.

cyanosis

A slightly bluish, grayish or dark purple cast to the skin caused by low oxygen levels in the blood. Cyanosis may be related to poor lung function or low levels of hemoglobin (a protein in the red blood cells that contains iron).

Cushing's disease

A condition in which the adrenal glands produce excessive steroids.

culdocentesis

A diagnostic procedure in which a needle is used to draw fluid from the pelvic cavity behind the uterus. The fluid is then examined for abnormalities such as infection or blood. Culdocentesis is used to determine the cause of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and can also be used to determine if an ectopic (tubal) pregnancy has ruptured.

cryptosporidiosis

A parasitic infection of the gastrointestinal tract caused by the Cryptosporidium parvum parasite. The parasite is common in animals and transmitted by ingesting food or water contaminated with animal feces. The most common symptom of cryptosporidiosis is severe, long-lasting diarrhea.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

A rare disease of the central nervous system that causes dementia, and muscle and nerve disturbances. The disease currently has no treatment and is fatal.

cranium

The part of the skull that encloses the brain.

counselor

A counselor is a health professional who advises people and offers guidance. Counselors may have backgrounds in social work, psychology or related fields. Some examples include licensed professional counselors, career counselors and chemical dependency counselors. Various qualifications, certifications and educational backgrounds are required depending on the title.

costochondritis

Inflammation of the cartilage around the ribs.

coronary artery disease (CAD)

A narrowing or blockage of one or more coronary arteries (blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body) due to a buildup of calcium and fat that results in a hard plaque forming inside the artery. The narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries by plaque results in decreased blood flow to the heart. Chest pain is the most common symptom of CAD, however, some patients may have no symptoms.

coronary artery disease (CAD)

A narrowing or blockage of one or more coronary arteries (blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body) due to a buildup of calcium and fat that results in a hard plaque forming inside the artery. The narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries by plaque results in decreased blood flow to the heart. Chest pain is the most common symptom of CAD, however, some patients may have no symptoms.

coronary artery bypass surgery

Surgical placement of a graft that allows a bypass or diversion of blood flow past an area of obstruction or narrowing in a coronary artery (arteries that supply oxygen and nutrient-rich blood to the heart).

coronary arteries

The two large arteries that branch off the aorta (the blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body, except the lungs). The coronary arteries supply the heart with blood and oxygen.

coronary

Relating to or near the heart.

cornea

The clear surface covering the central portion of the outer eye. The iris (the colored part of the eye) and pupil (the opening at the center of the iris that contracts and expands to control the amount of light entering the eye) can be seen through the cornea.

cor pulmonale

Enlargement of the right ventricle of the heart caused by a disorder or disease in the lungs or blood vessels in the lungs. Cor pulmonale is a type of heart failure.

contracture

An abnormal, permanent shortening of a muscle or scar tissue that results in deformity. Contractures are most common in joints of the body, such as the wrists, elbows and knees.

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Delivers air into a person's airway through a specially designed mask that fits over the nose. The nasal mask is connected to a motor that controls the flow of air sent to the nasal passages. CPAP forces air into the nasal passage and keeps air passages open -- it does not breathe for you. CPAP is the most common form of treatment for sleep apnea.

contagious

Infections or diseases that can spread from person to person through direct or indirect contact.

constipation

Irregular, infrequent or difficult passage of dry, hard stools from the bowel.

conduct disorder

A childhood behavioral disorder characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates societal rules or others' basic rights.

concussion

A head injury that results in brain function disturbances. A concussion may cause various symptoms, including loss of consciousness, temporary memory loss, vision disturbances, swelling, faintness, headaches and varying degrees of pain.

computed tomography (CT scan)

A special X-ray test used to produce pictures of internal body parts. Multiple pictures are taken and fed into a computer that produces a cross-sectional (slice) picture of internal body parts. A special dye can by injected into a vein to help visualize blood vessels and structures inside of various body organs. If a patient is having a CT scan of the abdomen, a special dye may be given by mouth.

complete blood count (CBC)

A blood test used to evaluate the type, size,and characteristics of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. A complete blood count is used to help diagnose conditions such as anemia and infection.

complementary medicine

Health care that combines conventional medicine with alternative treatments, such as acupuncture, herbal medicine or chiropractic.

communicable disease

A disease that may be transmitted directly or indirectly from one person to another. Transmission of disease may occur by direct contact with infected body fluids, contact with contaminated objects such as toys and eating utensils, or through insects capable of spreading the disease.

colostomy

A surgical procedure that may be done when a major part of the large intestine is removed, generally due to cancer, illness, infection or trauma. A colostomy reroutes the path of the colon from its normal route for elimination of bodily waste. The doctor will make a new artificial opening to the outside of the body through which the colon will deliver waste for excretion from the body. The location of the colostomy may vary depending on the extent and location of colon removal. Depending on the circumstances, a colostomy may be temporary or permanent.

colorectal transit study

A series of X-rays, taken over a period of several days, to show how well food moves through the colon. On the first day of the test, the patient swallows several capsules that contain material that can be seen on an X-ray. Over the next several days, X-rays are taken to track the progress of the capsules through the intestines. Colorectal transit studies are used to help determine the cause of chronic constipation.

colonoscopy

A procedure in which the inside of the rectum and large intestine is examined with a flexible tube called a colonoscope. A colonoscopy is performed to check for intestinal problems, such as polyps and rectal bleeding, and as a screening test for colorectal cancer.

colonoscope

A long flexible tube, equipped with a small video camera and light, used to visually examine the colon (the part of the large intestine that extends from the small intestine to the anus). Colonoscopes can also be equipped with a tool for obtaining tissue samples.

colon/rectal surgeon

A colon/rectal surgeon is a physician who specializes in surgical procedures to correct deformities or defects, repair injuries, and treat diseases of the colon and rectum.

colon

The part of the large intestine that extends from the small intestine to the anus. The colon extracts water from undigested food and stores the waste, which is excreted through stools.

colitis

Inflammation of the colon. Symptoms of colitis include lower abdominal pain, bleeding from the bowel and diarrhea.

cochlear nerve

A nerve in the inner ear necessary for hearing.

clubfoot

A birth defect in which the foot is deformed and twisted out of position. The heel is usually turned inward and the foot is extended so the toes turn downward.

clitoris

A structure of the external female genitals. A small, raised body of sensitive tissue that becomes erect when stimulated; located above the urethral and vaginals openings and partially enveloped by the labia.

clinical trial

A medical study conducted to collect data on the effects of a medication or other form of treatment among humans. A clinical trial is meant to define the treatment's effectiveness, test its safety, and identify possible side effects or interactions.

choroid

The membrane between the white part of the eye and the retina (the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye that sends nerve impulses to the brain); the choroid feeds the retina with blood and nutrients.

cleft palate

A birth defect in which there is a division in the roof of the mouth. A cleft palate may cause problems with infant feeding, ear disease and speech development. Surgery may be recommended to repair the division.

cleft lip

A birth defect in which there is a division in the upper lip or upper jaw, or both. Cleft lip often accompanies cleft palate, or a division in the roof of the mouth.

cirrhosis

A chronic liver disease that interferes with the normal functioning of the liver. Cirrhosis causes normal liver cells to be replaced with thick, fibrous scar tissue. Loss of normal liver cells decreases the liver's ability to function normally and may result in liver failure. Alcoholism and hepatitis are the most common causes of cirrhosis.

circumcision

The surgical removal of the foreskin on the penis.

circadian rhythm

The body's natural 24-hour biological cycle.

ciliary body

The part of the eye between the choroid (a thin membrane responsible for projecting light back to the retina) and the iris (the colored part of the eye) that is responsible for fluid production inside the eye.

chronic

Long-lasting, showing little change or progression; opposite of acute.

choroid

One of the 46 structures in the nucleus of each cell that carries genetic information.

chorionic villi

Small projections of tissue that attach the membrane of the embryo to the wall of the uterus (the female reproductive organ that houses the embryo and fetus during pregnancy).

cholecystitis

Inflammation of the gallbladder. Symptoms can be mild to severe and include indigestion, fever, and pain and tenderness just below the rib cage on the right-hand side. With severe inflammation, the pain is often unbearable, and nausea and vomiting may be present as well.

cholecystectomy

Surgical removal of the gallbladder.

chlamydia

A sexually transmitted disease that spreads through vaginal, anal or oral sex. Seventy-five percent of women and 50 percent of men who have chlamydia have no symptoms; therefore, they may not seek treatment. If symptoms develop, they usually appear one to three weeks after exposure. Symptoms of chlamydia include painful urination, cloudy urine, and vaginal or penile discharge. In women, untreated chlamydia may cause pelvic infections that lead to lower abdominal pain and possible infertility. When diagnosed, chlamydia is easily treated.

chiropractor

A chiropractor is a health professional who believes that body structure affects function. Chiropractors feel that the spinal column and nervous system are fundamental to the restoration and continued function of a healthy body. Requirements for training, certification and licensure vary by state.

childhood disintegrative disorder

A pervasive developmental disorder characterized by marked regression in multiple areas of functioning, including language, social skills, motor skills or adaptive behavior. The regression typically follows a period of two years of apparently normal development.

chickenpox

A common contagious viral infection that is caused by the varicella-zoster virus and is characterized by low fever and itchy rash. The chickenpox rash begins as red spots on the chest and back that then turn into small fluid-filled blisters. After a blister bursts, a dry crust forms. New pox continue to appear for approximately five to seven days after the rash first appears. A person is considered contagious until all the blisters have burst and dry crusts have formed.

chemotherapy

Any use of chemicals to treat disease. Chemotherapy most commonly refers to cancer treatment.

chemical peel

The use of chemicals to remove the top layer of skin.

cesarean section (C-section)

Delivery of a baby through a surgical incision in the mother's abdomen and uterus (the female reproductive organ that houses the embryo and fetus during pregnancy).

cervix

The lower, tubular end of the uterus which extends downward into the upper part of the vagina (the passage that connects the cervix with the external genitals). The cervix surrounds an opening, called the cervical orifice, which acts as a passage from the uterus to the vagina.

cerumen

Wax-like secretions produced by glands in the outer ear canal; earwax.

cerumen

Inflammation of the uterine cervix (the neck of the uterus, the female reproductive organ that houses the embryo and fetus during pregnancy).

certified employee assistance professional (C.E.A.P.)

A certified employee assistance professional provides assessment and short-term counseling to employees and their families on a variety of workplace and personal concerns. A C.E.A.P. also provides services to organizations as a consultant, account representative and trainer. Certification requires a certain amount of work in an employee assistance program setting under the supervision of a C.E.A.P., a set number of advisement and personal development hours, and passing a written exam. Certification is international, thus it does not vary from state to state. Fewer work and personal development hours are required if the person has a graduate degree in an employee assistance-related related discipline, such as psychology, social work or a related field.

cerebrovascular

Relating to the blood vessels in the brain.

cerebral

Relating to the cerebrum (frontal lobes) of brain.

cerebellum

The part of the brain that coordinates muscle movement and helps maintain balance. The cerebellum does not initiate movement, but it controls functions such as speed, acceleration and trajectory.

cerclage

The surgical closure of the cervix (the neck of the uterus, the female reproductive organ that houses the embryo and fetus during pregnancy) during pregnancy to prevent it from opening prematurely.

celiac sprue

An intestinal disease caused by intolerance to gluten, a mixture of proteins found in wheat, rye, barley and oats. Also called celiac disease, nontropical sprue or gluten-induced enteropathy. The intestinal damage from this disease leads to malabsorption problems. Symptoms include weight loss, appetite loss, bloating, abdominal cramps, diarrhea and weakness. Treatment often focuses on following a gluten-free diet, or avoiding food products containing wheat, buckwheat, rye, barley and oats.

cauda equina syndrome

Cauda equina syndrome is a condition most commonly caused by a herniated disk in the lower back. A herniated disk occurs when one of the soft flexible disks that provides cushioning between the bones of the spinal column becomes displaced from its normal position. Symptoms of cauda equina syndrome include severe low-back pain, incontinence of the bowel and bladder, and weakness or loss of feeling in both legs.

catheterization

Draining urine or other fluids from the body through a special tube.

catheter

A flexible tube that may be inserted into various parts of the body to inject or remove fluid. Catheters can be used to drain urine from the bladder or to give IV fluids through a vein.

cataplexy

Sudden, brief episodes of muscle weakness or paralysis brought on by strong emotions, such as fright, anger or shock.

cartilage

A tough, elastic connective tissue found in various parts of the body, such as the joints, outer ear, nose and larynx.

carpal tunnel

A U-shaped cluster of eight small wrist bones known as the carpal bones. The carpal bones are aligned in two rows of four bones each. They're covered by a wrist-supporting ligament known as the transverse carpal ligament. Passing through the carpal tunnel are:


the median nerve, which supplies sensation to the thumb, index finger, middle finger and usually half of the fourth finger
the flexor tendons of the hand, which slide back and forth within the carpal tunnel when the hand and fingers are used
blood vessels

carotid stenosis

Narrowing or obstruction of the main arteries that deliver blood to the head and neck.

carotid endarterectomy

The surgical removal of atherosclerotic plaque (cholesterol buildup within the blood vessels) from the lower part of the internal carotid artery. The carotid arteries are the main arteries that deliver blood to the head and neck. The common carotid artery branches into the internal and external carotid arteries on each side of the neck.

carotid arteries

The main arteries that deliver blood to the head and neck. The common carotid artery branches into the internal and external carotid arteries on each side of the neck.

cardiomyopathy

Any disease affecting the structure or function of the heart muscle.

cardiologist

A cardiologist is a physician who treats conditions of the heart. Related subspecialties include clinical cardiac electrophysiology and interventional cardiology.

cardiac

Relating to or near the heart.

capsule

The outer membrane of the lens of the eye (the clear structure that focuses rays on the retina).

capillary

A tiny blood vessel that connects the ends of small arteries (arterioles) with the beginnings of small veins (venules); capillaries supply blood to tissue cells.

candidiasis

A yeast infection of the skin or mucous membranes caused by Candida yeasts, especially Candida albicans.

Candida

A type of a group of yeasts (fungi) that are normally present in harmless amounts in the mouth, skin, intestinal tract and vagina. Certain conditions may cause yeast infections, however. Candida albicans is the most common species of Candida to cause yeast infections, especially thrush and vaginitis.

cancer

A disease caused by uncontrolled growth of malignant (abnormal) cells. Cancer cells can spread throughout the body via the blood stream and lymphatic system.

calcitonin

A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that, in part, helps regulate the level of calcium in the blood and is important for maintaining strong bones.

calcification

The deposit of calcium salts in body tissues that results in a hardening of the tissue.

bursitis

Inflammation of the bursae (fluid-filled sacs found near joints that reduce friction between tendons -- the tissue that connects muscles to bones -- and bones). Bursitis usually affects the shoulder or elbow.

bursae

Sacs filled with lubricating fluid that are located between a tendon (the tissue that connects muscles to bones) and a bone, usually near a joint. The lubricating fluid reduces friction between the moving parts of a joint such as the shoulder, hip and knee.

bunion

An enlarged joint at the base of the big toe. Bunions cause swelling and redness and may be painful. Constant rubbing of shoes can irritate a bunion and thicken the skin over the joint. The affected toe often begins to point toward the other toes instead of straight ahead.

bullous myringitis

An inflammation of the eardrum with fluid or blood-filled blisters on the eardrum and surrounding area.

bulimia

An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by actions to prevent weight gain such as self-induced vomiting or the use of laxatives or diuretics.

Buerger's disease

A rare disorder in which the arteries are blocked or narrowed due to inflammation and clotting. The smaller arteries that supply blood to the feet, hands, fingers and toes are most often affected. Buerger's disease, also called thromboangiitis obliterans, is most common in male smokers ages 20 to 40.

bruxism

Grinding or clenching the teeth, especially during sleep. Bruxism occurs most commonly among children.

bronchodilator

A drug used to open the air passages of the lungs and ease breathing by relaxing the muscles of the bronchial tubes.

bronchial tubes

Small airways in the lower part of the lungs.

breech position

When a baby's buttocks or feet are in place to come out first during delivery. Also called breech birth or breech delivery.

Braxton Hicks contractions

Sporadic or infrequent contractions of a pregnant woman's uterus (the female reproductive organ that houses the embryo and fetus during pregnancy) late in pregnancy. The contractions are called false labor because they do not open the cervix. The contractions of false labor often go away with walking or a change in position and do not increase in intensity or severity.

bowel

Another term for the small or large intestines (the organs that assist in digestion and form the by-products of digestion into feces).

borderline personality disorder

A mental illness characterized by instability in relationships by alternating between devaluing and idealizing others; unstable mood and self-image; anxious avoidance of real or imagined abandonment; impulsivity; inappropriate anger; and paranoia. Symptoms typically begin by early adulthood.

booster shot

An additional dose of a vaccine given months or years after the initial dose. Booster shots help ensure the continued effectiveness of the vaccine.

bone marrow

The soft, fatty tissue inside most bones where red blood cells and many white blood cells are formed.

blood pressure

A measurement of the amount of force blood exerts on the arteries (blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body) as it's pumped from the heart through the circulatory system.

blood clotting disorder

A dysfunction of the blood's ability to clot. A blood clotting disorder may be characterized by a deficiency of clotting mechanisms (allowing increased bleeding) or an abundance of clotting mechanisms (allowing increased coagulation).

blood clot

A coagulated or semisolid mass of blood.

blood chemistries

A series of blood tests used to examine the components of a blood sample.

bladder

An elastic, muscular sac located in the lower part of the pelvic cavity that collects urine before excretion.

biopsy

The removal of a tissue sample for microscopic examination.

binge-eating disorder

A condition characterized by repeated episodes of uncontrollable eating within a specific time frame. To be considered a binge, the amount of food must be larger than most people would eat in a similar period of time under similar circumstances. During a binge, a person has impaired control over certain behaviors, including eating very rapidly, eating when uncomfortably full, and consuming large amounts of food when not hungry. Binge-eating disorder does not involve habitual behaviors to compensate for overeating, such as self-induced vomiting and laxative misuse.

bilirubin

A yellow pigment formed when red blood cells die and are recycled by the body. (Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body.) Normally, bilirubin breaks down in the liver and leaves the body within the stools. Jaundice (a condition that causes yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes) may develop if too much bilirubin accumulates in the blood.

biliary tract

The organs and ducts that secrete, store and release bile (a fluid that helps the body digest fats) into the small intestine. The gallbladder, pancreas and liver are the primary organs of the biliary tract.

bile

A bitter-tasting, greenish-yellow or brownish-yellow fluid made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile is released into the intestine to help the body digest fats.

Bernstein test

A test used to help determine if chest pain is related to acid reflux. The doctor drips a mild acid and a salt solution separately into the lower part of the esophagus. You will not know which solution is being tested. If the mild acid causes chest pain or burning, it is likely that you have acid reflux.

beriberi

A condition caused by a prolonged vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency. Beriberi can cause degenerative nerve damage and heart failure. Beriberi is common in people who chronically abuse alcohol. Thiamine supplements may be prescribed to reverse a moderate deficiency. Symptoms may be irreversible with a severe deficiency.

benign

Essentially harmless. A benign condition poses no danger to your health. It's not recurring or getting worse.

Bell's palsy

A disorder characterized by sudden one-sided paralysis of the muscles of the face. A person who has Bell's palsy will have facial muscle weakness and a distorted facial expression. Bell's palsy can be a result of trauma, facial nerve compression, or infection of the facial nerve.

basal cell carcinoma

A cancer that develops in the lowest layer of the epidermis (the outermost layer of skin). Basal cell carcinoma usually begins as a small, shiny bump that eventually becomes an ulcer with a whitish border.

barotrauma

Physical injury or damage to the ear caused by pressure differences between the inside and outside of the eardrum. Barotrauma is most common with altitude changes, as you may experience with flying or scuba diving. Or, injury to the lung caused by excessive airway pressure.

barium enema

A series of X-rays of the large intestines taken after barium sulfate is injected through the rectum into the intestines. Barium sulfate is a contrast medium that can be seen on the X-rays to help doctors diagnose such conditions as bowel obstruction and colitis.

Baker's cyst

A swelling behind the knee that's associated with certain joint disorders, such as arthritis.

autologous transfusion

A blood transfusion with blood you've donated for yourself ahead of time; "self-donation" is typically done a few weeks before a scheduled surgery in case blood is needed during or after the procedure.

autoimmune disease

A condition in which the body produces antibodies to attack its own tissue for no known reason. Lupus and multiple sclerosis are examples of autoimmune diseases.

autism

A pervasive developmental disorder of brain function that causes impaired social interaction; difficulty with imagination and communication, both verbal and nonverbal; and unusual or limited interests and activities.

audiologist

A medical professional who specializes in evaluating hearing status.

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Inconsistent levels of attention or the inability to consistently focus and sustain attention along with hyperactivity. The hyperactive-impulsive behaviors are considered to be excessive or inappropriate for the person's age and developmental level.

atrophy

Decrease in the size of a normal organ or tissue. Atrophy can be caused by disease, injury or lack of use.

atrium

One of two upper chambers of the heart. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the vena cava. The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins.

atrial septal defect

A rare heart defect present at birth. A child with an artial septal defect has an abnormal opening between the left and right atria (the two upper chambers) of the heart. Symptoms of an atrial septal defect, such as shortness of breath and fatigue, may not be noticed until the child is school age or older.

athlete's foot

A fungal infection (ringworm) of the foot characterized by itching, blisters, scaly or cracked skin, and inflammation. The fungi that cause athlete's foot require a warm, moist climate to thrive. Athlete's foot is also known as tinea pedis.

atherosclerosis

A cholesterol buildup within the blood vessels.

ataxia

Difficulty coordinating muscle movements. Ataxia is often characterized by unsteady movements and a staggering walk.

aspiration

The removal of fluids or gases from the body with a suction device. Aspiration can be used to treat a variety of medical conditions, such as fluid accumulation in a joint. Aspiration may also refer to the inhalation (breathing in) of fluids or substances into the lungs, such as choking on a piece of food or breathing water into the lungs while underwater.

Asperger's disorder

A pervasive developmental disorder characterized by severe and sustained impairment in social interaction. Other features include clumsy and uncoordinated motor movements, social impairment with extreme obtuseness, limited interests and/or unusual preoccupations, repetitive routines or rituals, speech and language peculiarities, and nonverbal communication problems.

aseptic necrosis

The death of cells, tissues or organs without infection or inflammation. Aseptic necrosis may be caused by injury, drug use or decreased blood flow.

aseptic

Sterile; free of germs, infection and any form of life.

ascites

The abnormal collection of fluid in the abdominal cavity. Ascites are a symptom of several illnesses, including liver disease and congestive heart failure.

asbestosis

A form of a lung disease called pneumoconiosis resulting from repeated, long-term inhalation of asbestos particles. The first symptoms of asbestosis may not appear until 20 years or more after asbestos exposure.

arthroscopy

A surgical procedure used to examine the inside of a joint, as well as diagnose and treat joint problems.

arthroscope

A surgical instrument used during arthroscopy (a surgical procedure used to examine the inside of a joint); an arthroscope consists of a pencil-sized tube, an optical system of magnifying lenses and a fiberoptic light source.

artery

A blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

arteriosclerosis

A disease in which arteries (blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body) lose elasticity, harden and narrow. Arteriosclerosis typically results in coronary heart disease and impaired blood circulation to tissues and organs.

arteriography

An X-ray of an artery after contrast dye has been injected into the bloodstream.

arrhythmia

An irregular heartbeat generally caused by disturbances in the conduction and/or transmission of nerve impulses to the heart muscle.

areola

The round, dark colored area of skin surrounding the nipple of the breast.

aqueous humor

The clear, watery fluid that flows through the inner eye between the cornea and the lens.

appendicitis

Inflammation of the appendix, a finger-like projection located at the point where the large and small intestines meet. Symptoms of appendicitis include pain in the lower right side of the abdomen, fever and loss of appetite. An inflamed appendix may rupture and spread infection throughout the abdomen. To prevent infection, the appendix must be surgically removed before it ruptures.

aplastic anemia

A serious but rare disorder caused by a drastic drop in the production of all types of blood cells in bone marrow. Aplastic anemia can be caused by certain substances or medications. In other cases, it may occur spontaneously.

apheresis

The removal of one or more components from a donor's blood, such as platelets, plasma or white blood cells. The remaining blood is returned to the donor through a transfusion.

aortic valve

A half-moon shaped valve between the left ventricle of the heart (one of the two lower chambers of the heart) and the aorta (the blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body, except the lungs). The aortic valve stops blood from flowing from the aorta back into the heart.

aorta

The blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body, except the lungs. The aorta is the body's largest artery (any blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body).

anus

The opening at the end of the large intestine through which bowel movements are passed.

antitussive

A medication used to suppress coughing.

antispasmodic

Medication that prevents or relieves muscle spasm.

antinuclear antibody (ANA) test

A blood test used to detect the presence of antinuclear antibodies (antibodies that attack the body's own cells as if they were foreign substances). The antinuclear antibody test is used to help diagnose and manage autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and scleroderma.

antigen

A foreign substance in the body, such as a virus or bacteria, that stimulates the production of antibodies.

anticoagulant therapy

The use of medication to prevent blood clots.

antibody

A protein produced by the body to help neutralize or destroy foreign substances in the blood.

antacid

A medication that neutralizes stomach acid (makes it less acidic). Antacids help relieve symptoms of heartburn, sour stomach and acid indigestion.

anosmia

Loss of the sense of smell.

anoscopy

A procedure in which the doctor uses a small tube to directly see the internal part of the rectum (the lower part of the large intestine).

anorectal function test

A test used to measure the muscular function of the anal spincter and rectum. During the test, an air-filled balloon is inserted into the rectum and gently pulled back through the anal sphincter muscle to measure muscle tone and contractions. Anorectal function testing is used to determine the cause of chronic constipation or incontinence.

annulus fibrosus

The fibrous outer ring of the spinal disks (the cushions that separate the vertebrae, the bony sections that make up the spine.

ankylosing spondylitis

An inherited inflammatory disease that primarily affects the spine and may cause eventual fusion of joints.

anhidrosis

Decreased of total absence of sweating. Anhidrosis may affect the whole body or certain parts, may be temporary or permanent, and may be congenital (present at birth) or related to a disease.

aneurysmal dilation

Expansion of the vessel that contains a defect or weakness in the wall and is already distended in size.

aneurysm

A weakness in a blood vessel wall, usually an artery (a blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body); an aneurysm results in a balloon-like swelling.

anesthesiologist

An anesthesiologist is a physician who specializes in the administration of anesthesia for surgeries and other procedures. Subspecialty fields include pain management and critical care medicine.

anesthesia

A drug administered for medical or surgical purposes that induces partial or total loss of sensation. General anesthesia refers to putting a patient to "sleep." Local anesthesia refers to the numbing of an area of the body with an injection of medication, such as novocaine. Topical anesthesia refers to the numbing of an area of mucous membranes or skin with medication applied directly to the surface, such as teething gel.

anencephaly

The absence of all or part of the brain at birth; also called anencephalus. Anencephaly is a fatal condition.

anemia

A condition marked by a decreased number of red blood cells or hemoglobin (a protein in red blood cells that contains iron); the red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body. Common symptoms of anemia include paleness, fatigue, weakness, confusion and sores in the mouth.

analgesic

A medication used to relieve pain and discomfort.